Section Four: Social Capital and Special Topics

Social Capital and Gender

Gender differences significantly impact the acquisition and use of social capital (Addis & Joxhe, 2017; Norris & Inglehart, 2006). In different social and cultural contexts, gender roles and expectations profoundly affect individuals' social networks and participation (Arneil, 2006).

Various studies indicate that women often possess more substantial bonding social capital, which helps provide emotional support and practical assistance (Norris & Inglehart, 2006). However, this family and friend-centred bonding social capital may be less effective than men's networks regarding resource mobilisation, information provision, and referral opportunities (Ibarra, 1993). Moreover, women may rely more on internal networks for career development, while men may make more use of external connections to expand career opportunities (Burt, 1998).

On the other hand, gender differences in social capital and community participation patterns are also important topics for scholars and community practitioners. Studies have shown that women tend to participate in community services and school-related volunteer activities, such as providing childcare and emotional support; while men tend to participate in formal civic and religious organisations, often providing work-related, maintenance, transportation, and emergency support services (Healy et al., 2007). Therefore, understanding and leveraging the different social capital characteristics and community participation patterns of men and women can help develop community social capital and enhance community organisations' creativity and problem-solving capabilities (Ely & Thomas, 2001; Healy et al., 2007). Meanwhile, gender equality policies and the promotion of female leadership can help break traditional gender barriers and improve the overall quality of social capital (Detraz & Peksen, 2018; Lowndes, 2004).

In the context of globalisation and the digital age, the relationship between gender and social capital also exhibits new characteristics (Joiner et al., 2015). Online platforms and social media allow both women and men to build social networks and social capital on these platforms (Cirucci, 2018). However, the digital divide and online gender discrimination remain challenges for women in acquiring and using social capital online (David & Phillips, 2023; Jane, 2017; Ragnedda & Ruiu, 2017).

In summary, gender is an essential factor in shaping social capital, and understanding this relationship is crucial for promoting gender equality and the development of social capital.

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